M. Joan Alexander Sr. Research Scientist - Vice President - Director

Publications - Research - Field Campaigns - Vitae - Miscellaneous - Contact

Publications: [Google Scholar Page]

New for 2024

• Pahlavan, H. A., P. Hassanzadeh, and M. J. Alexander, 2024: Explainable Offline-Online Training of Neural Networks for Parameterizations: A 1D Gravity Wave-QBO Testbed in the Small-data Regime. Geophys. Res. Lett., 51, e2023GL106324.[at GRL].
• Achatz, U., M. J. Alexander, E. Becker, Hye-Yeong Chun, A. Doernbrack, L. Holt, R. Plougonven, I. Polichtchouk, K. Sato, A. Sheshadri, C. Stephan, A. van Niekerk, C. Wright, 2024: Atmospheric gravity waves: Processes and Parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 81, 237-262, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-23-0210.1. [at JAS]
• Green, B., A. Sheshadri, M. J. Alexander, M. Bramberger, and F. Lott, 2024: Gravity wave momentum fluxes estimated from Project Loon balloon data. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres, (accepted). [preprint]
• Kruse, C. G., M. J. Alexander, M Bramberger, A. Chattopadhyay, P. Hassanzadeh, B. Green, A. Grimsdell, L. Hoffmann, 2024: Recreating observed convection-generated gravity waves from weather radar observations via a neural network and a dynamical atmospheric model. J. Adv. Model. Earth. Sys. (in press). [preprint]
• Pahlavan, H. A., J. M. Wallace, Q. Fu, and M. J. Alexander, 2024: Characteristics of Gravity Waves in Opposing Phases of the QBO: A Reanalysis Perspective with ERA5. J. Atmos. Sci., (in review). [preprint]
• Sun, Y. Q., H. A. Pahlavan, A. Chattopadhyay, P. Hassanzadeh, S. W. Lubis, M. J. Alexander, E. Gerber, A. Sheshadri, Y. Guan, 2024: Data Imbalance, Uncertainty Quantification, and Generalization via Transfer Learning in Data-driven Parameterizations: Lessons from the Emulation of Gravity Wave Momentum Transport in WACCM, J. Adv. Model. Earth. Sys. (accepted). [preprint]
• Gupta, A., A. Sheshadri, M. J. Alexander, T. Birner, 2024: Insights on Lateral Gravity Wave Propagation in the Extratropical Stratosphere from 44 years of ERA5 Data, Geophys. Res. Lett., (submitted). [preprint]

2023

• Bramberger, M., D. Goetz, M. J. Alexander, L. Kalnajs, A. Hertzog, A. Podglajen, 2023: Tropical wave observations from the Reel-down Atmospheric Temperature Sensor (RATS) in the lowermost stratosphere during Strateole-2. Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2023GL104711. https://doi. org/10.1029/2023GL104711. [at GRL]
• Kruse, C. G., J. H. Richter, M. J. Alexander, J. T. Bacmeister, C. Heale, J. Wei, 2023: Gravity wave drag parameterizations for Earth's atmosphere. Chapter 11 of AGU Book entitled: “Fast Physics in Large Scale Atmospheric Models: Parameterization, Evaluation, and Observations”, Editors: Yangang Liu; Pavlos Kollias; Leo Donner (advisor), ESS Open Archive, January 17, 2023. [preprint]
• Holt, L. A., C. M. Brabec, and M. J. Alexander, 2023: Exploiting high-density zonal-sampling of HIRDLS profiles near 60S to investigate missing drag in chemistry-climate models. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres, 128, e2022JD037398. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD037398. [at JGR]
• Weimer, M., C. Wilka, D. E. Kinnison, R. R. Garcia, J. Bacmeister, M. J. Alexander, A. Doernbrack, S. Solomon, 2023: A method for estimating global subgrid-scale gravity-wave temperature perturbations in chemistry-climate models. J. Adv. Mod. Earth Sys., 15, e2022MS003505. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003505.[at JAMES]
• Sato, K., et al. 2023: Interhemispheric Coupling Study by Observations and Modelling (ICSOM): Concept, Campaigns, and Initial Results, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres, 128, e2022JD038249. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD038249. [at JGR]
• Sun, Y. Q., P. Hassanzadeh, M. J. Alexander, C. G. Kruse, 2023: Quantifying 3D Gravity Wave Drag in a Library of Tropical convection-permitting Simulations for Data-driven Parameterizations. J. Adv. Mod. Earth Sys.,15, e2022MS003585. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003585.[at JAMES]
• Prochazkova, Z., C. G. Kruse, M. J. Alexander, L. Hoffmann, J. T. Bacmeister, L. Holt, R. Plougonven, C. Wright, K. Sato, S. Gisinger, M. Ern, P. Sacha, 2023: Sensitivity of mountain wave drag estimates on a separation methods and proposed improvements, J. Atmos. Sci., 80, 1661–1680, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-22-0151.1. [at JAMES]
• Goetz, J. D., Kalnajs, L. K., Deshler, T., Davis, S., Bramberger, M., and Alexander, M. J., 2023: A Fiber Optic Distributed Temperature Sensor for Continuous in situ Profiling up to 2 km Beneath Constant-altitude Scientific Balloons, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 791-807. [at AMT]

2022

• Bramberger, M., M. J. Alexander, S. Davis, A. Podglajen, A. Hertzog, L. Kalnajs, T. Deshler, J. D. Goetz, S. Khaykin, 2022: First measurements of fine-vertical-scale wave impacts on the tropical lower stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49(5), e2021GL097596, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL097596.[at GRL]
• Kruse, C. G., M. J. Alexander, L. Hoffmann, A. vanNiekerk, I. Polichtchouk, J. T. Bacmeister, L. Holt, R. Plougonven, P. Šácha, C. Wright, K. Sato, R. Shibuya, S. Gisinger, M. Ern, C. I. Meyer, and O. Stein, 2022: Observed and Modeled Mountain Waves from the Surface to the Mesosphere Near the Drake Passage. J. Atmos. Sci., 79(4), 909-932, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-21-0252.1. [at JAS]
• Coy, L., Newman, P. A., Molod, A., Pawson, S., Alexander, M. J., & Holt, L., 2022: Seasonal prediction of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmospheres, 127, e2021JD036124. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD036124 [at JGR]
• Anstey, J., S. Osprey, M. J. Alexander, M. Baldwin, N. Butchart, L. Gray, Y. Kawatani, P. Newman, and J. Richter, 2022: The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation: Impacts, Processes, and Projections. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 3 (9) 588-603, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00323-7. [preprint][at NREE]
• Wei, J., F. Zhang, J. H. Richter, M. J. Alexander, Y. Q. Sun, 2022: Global distributions of tropospheric and stratospheric gravity wave momentum fluxes resolved by the 9-km ECMWF experiments. J. Atmos. Sci., 79 (10) 2621-2644, doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-21- 0173.1. [at JAS]
• Wright, C. J., N. P. Hindley, M. J. Alexander, M. Barlow, L. Hoffmann, C. N. Mitchell, F. Prata, M. Bouillon, J. Carstens, C. Clerbaux, S. M. Osprey, N. Powell, C. E. Randall, and J. Yue, 2022: Surface-to-space atmospheric waves from Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption. Nature, 609, 741–746. [at Nature]
• Cao, B., Haase, J. S., Murphy, M. J., Alexander, M. J., Bramberger, M., and Hertzog, A., 2022: Equatorial waves resolved by balloon-borne Global Navigation Satellite System Radio Occultation in the Strateole-2 Campaign, 22, 15379–15402, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15379-2022. [at ACP]
• Liu, Chuntao, M. J. Alexander, J. Richter, and J. Bacmeister, 2022: Using TRMM Latent Heat as a Source to Estimate Convection Induced Gravity Wave Momentum Flux in the Lower Stratosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research- Atmospheres. 127 (1), doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035785. [at JGR]

2021

• Alexander, M. J., C. C. Liu, J. Bacmeister, M. Bramberger, A. Hertzog, and J. H. Richter, 2021: Observational validation of parameterized gravity waves from tropical convection in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model. JGR-Atmospheres, 126, e2020JD033954. https://doi. org/10.1029/2020JD033954. [at JGR]
• Scherllin-Pirscher, B., A. K. Steiner, R. A. Anthes, M. J. Alexander, S. P. Alexander, R. Biondi, T. Birner, J. Kim, W. J. Randel, S.-W. Son, T. Tsuda, and Z. ZENG, 2021: Tropical temperature variability in the UTLS: New insights from GPS radio occultation observations. J. Climate, 34(8), 2813-2838. [at J. Climate]
• Wright, C. J., N. P. Hindley, M. J. Alexander, L. A. Holt, and L. Hoffmann, 2021: Using vertical phase differences to better resolve 3D gravity wave structure, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5873–5886. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5873-2021 [at AMT]
• Wu, X. and L. Hoffmann, and C. J. Wright, and N. P. Hindley, and S. Kalisch, and M. J. Alexander, and Y. Wang, 2021: Stratospheric Gravity Waves as a Proxy for Hurricane Intensification: a Case Study of Mesoscale Simulations for Hurricane Joaquin. Geophys. Res. Lett., 49(1), e2021GL092010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL097010. [at GRL]

2020

• Vincent, R. A., and M. J. Alexander, 2020: Balloon-borne observations of short vertical wavelength gravity waves and interaction with QBO winds. J. Geophys. Res.–Atmos., 125, e2020JD032779, DOI: 10.1029/2020JD032779. [at JGR]
• Bramberger, M., M. J. Alexander and A. W. Grimsdell, 2020: Realistic simulation of tropical atmospheric gravity waves using radar-observed rain rate and echo top height. J. Adv. Modeling Earth Systems (JAMES), 12, e2019MS001949, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001949. [at JAMES]

2019

• Alexander, M. J. and L. A. Holt, 2019: The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation and its influences at the surface. US CLIVAR Variations, Spring 2019, 17, No. 1, 20–26, doi:10.5065/q3jb-9642. [PDF]
• Alexander, M. J., J. Bacmeister, M. Ern, S. Gisinger, L. Hoffmann, L. Holt, C. Kruse, R. Plougonven, I. Polichtchouk, P. Sacha, K. Sato, R. Shibuya, A. van Niekerk, and C, Wright, 2019: Seeking New Quantitative Constraints on Orographic Gravity Wave Stress and Drag to Satisfy Emerging Needs in Seasonal-to-Subseasonal and Climate Prediction - An Update from the SPARC Gravity Wave Activity. SPARC Newsletter No. 53, July 2019, 31-36, available at http://www.sparc-climate.org/publications/newsletter [at ISSI]
• Hindley, N. P., Wright, C. J., Smith, N. D., Hoffmann, L., Holt, L. A., Alexander, M. J., Moffat-Griffin, T., and Mitchell, N. J., 2019: Gravity waves in the winter stratosphere over the Southern Ocean: high-resolution satellite observations and 3-D spectral analysis,Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 15377–15414, 2019 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-15377-2019. [at ACP]

2018

• Zagar, N., D. Jelic, M. J. Alexander, and E. Manzini, 2018: Estimating subseasonal variability and trends in global atmosphere using reanalysis data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, DOI: 10.1029/2018GL080051. [at GRL]
• Haase, J. S., M. J. Alexander, A. Hertzog, L. Kalnajs, T. Deshler, S. M. Davis, R. Plougonven, P. Cocquerez, and S. Venel, 2018: Around the world in 84 days, Eos, 99, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EO091907. [at Eos]
• D. M. Tratt, J. A. Hackwell, B. L. Valant-Spaight, R. L. Walterscheid, L. J. Gelinas, J. H. Hecht, C. M. Swenson, C. P. Lampen, M. J. Alexander, L. Hoffmann, D. S. Nolan, S. D. Miller, J. L. Hall, R. Atlas, F. D. Marks, Jr., and P. T. Partain, 2018: GHOST: A satellite mission concept for persistent monitoring of stratospheric gravity waves induced by severe storms, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 99, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0064.1. [at BAMS]
• Alexander, M. J., A. W. Grimsdell, C. C. Stephan, and L. Hoffmann, 2018: MJO-related intraseasonal variation in the stratosphere: Gravity waves and zonal winds, J. Geophys. Res.--Atmos., 123, DOI: 10.1002/2017JD027620. [at JGR]
• Hoffmann, L., X. Wu, and M. J. Alexander, 2018: Satellite Observations of Stratospheric Gravity Waves Associated with the Intensification of Tropical Cyclones, Geophys. Res. Lett., https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076123. [at GRL]
• Meyer, C. I., Ern, M., Hoffmann, L., Trinh, Q. T., and Alexander, M. J. 2018: Intercomparison of AIRS and HIRDLS stratospheric gravity wave observations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 215-232, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-215-2018. [at AMT]
• Barber, K. A., G. L. Mullendore, and M. J. Alexander, 2018: Out-of-Cloud Convective Turbulence: Estimation Method and Impacts of Model Resolution, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 57, 121–136, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0174.1. [at JAMC]

2017

• Podglajen, A., T.P. Bui, J.M. Dean-Day, L. Pfister, E.J. Jensen, M.J. Alexander, A. Hertzog, B. Kärcher, R. Plougonven, and W.J. Randel, 2017: Small-Scale Wind Fluctuations in the Tropical Tropopause Layer from Aircraft Measurements: Occurrence, Nature, and Impact on Vertical Mixing. J. Atmos. Sci., 74, 3847–3869, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0010.1. [at JAS]
• Alexander, M. J., D. A. Ortland, A. W. Grimsdell, J.-E. Kim, 2017: Sensitivity of gravity wave fluxes to interannual variations in tropical convection and zonal wind, J. Atmos. Sci., 74, 2701–2716, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0044.1. [at JAS]
• Williams, P.D., M.J. Alexander, E.A. Barnes, A.H. Butler, H.C. Davies, C.I. Garfinkel, Y. Kushnir, T.P. Lane, J.K. Lundquist, O. Martius, R.N. Maue, W.R. Peltier, K. Sato, A.A. Scaife, and C. Zhang, 2017: A census of atmospheric variability from seconds to decades, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075483. [at GRL]
• Randall, C. E., J. Carstens, J. A. France, V. L. Harvey, L. Hoffmann, S. M. Bailey, M. J. Alexander, J. D. Lumpe, J. Yue, B. Thurairajah, D. E. Siskind, Y. Zhao, M. J. Taylor, J. M. Russell III, 2017: New AIM/CIPS global observations of gravity waves near 50–55 km, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 7044–7052, doi:10.1002/2017GL073943. [at GRL]
• Holt, L. A., M. J. Alexander, M. J., L. Coy, C. Liu, A. Molod, W. Putman, and S. Pawson, 2017: An evaluation of gravity waves and their sources in the Southern Hemisphere in a 7-km global climate simulation, Q. J. Meteorol. Soc., 143(707), 2481–2495, doi:10.1002/qj.3101. [at QJRMS]
• Hoffmann, L., Spang, R., Orr, A., Alexander, M. J., Holt, L. A., and Stein, O., 2017: A decadal satellite record of gravity wave activity in the lower stratosphere to study polar stratospheric cloud formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 2901-2920, doi:10.5194/acp-17-2901-2017. [at ACP]
• de Groot-Hedlin, C. D., M. A. H. Hedlin, L. Hoffmann, M. J. Alexander, C. C. Stephan, 2017: Relationships between Gravity Waves Observed at Earth's Surface and in the Stratosphere over the Central and Eastern United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 11,482–11,498, DOI: 10.1002/2017JD027159. [at JGR]
• Wright, C. J., Hindley, N. P., Hoffmann, L., Alexander, M. J., and Mitchell, N. J.: Satellite Measurements of Stratospheric GravityWaves over the Andes/Drake Passage Region Using a 3D S-Transform Technique, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 8553-8575, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8553-2017, 2017. [at ACP]

2016

• Hoffmann, L., A. W. Grimsdell, and M. J. Alexander, 2016: Stratospheric gravity waves at southern hemisphere orographic hotspots: 2003–2014 AIRS/Aqua observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 9381-9397, doi:10.5194/acp-16-9381-2016. [at ACP]
• Kim, J.-E., M. J. Alexander, T. P. Bui, J. M. Dean-Day, R. P. Lawson, S. Woods, D. Hlavka, L. Pfister, and E. J. Jensen, 2016: Ubiquitous Influence of Waves on Tropical High Cirrus Cloud, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 5895–5901, doi:10.1002/ 2016GL069293. [at GRL]
• [100] Jensen, E.J., R. Ueyama, L. Pfister, T.P. Bui, M.J. Alexander, A. Podglajen, A. Hertzog, S. Woods, R.P. Lawson, J.-E. Kim, M.R. Schoeberl, 2016: High-frequency gravity waves and homogeneous freezing ice nucleation in cold cirrus clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 6629–6635, DOI:10.1002/2016GL069426.[at GRL]
• Stephan, C., M.J. Alexander, M. Hedlin, C.D. de Groot-Hedlin, L. Hoffmann, 2016: A case study on the far-field properties of propagating tropospheric gravity waves, Mon. Wea. Rev., 144, 2947-2961, DOI:10.1175/MWR-D-16-0054.1. [at MWR]
• Holt, L., M. J. Alexander, L. Coy, A. Molod, W. P. Putman, and S. Pawson, 2016: Tropical Waves and the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in a 7-km Global Climate Simulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 73, 3771–3783, doi: 10.1175/JAS-D-15-0350.1. [at JAS]
• Stephan, C., M. J. Alexander and J. Richter, 2016: Characteristics of Gravity Waves from Convection and Implications for Their Parameterization in Global Circulation Models. J. Atmos. Sci., 73, 2729–2742, doi: 10.1175/JAS-D-15-0303.1. [at JAS]
• Tsuchiya, C., K. Sato, M. J. Alexander, L. Hoffmann, 2016: MJO-related intraseasonal variation of gravity waves in the Southern Hemisphere subtropical stratosphere revealed by high-resolution AIRS observations, J. Geophys. Res., 121, 7641–7651, DOI:10.1002/2015JD024463. [at JGR]
• Sato, K., C. Tsuchiya, M. J. Alexander, L. Hoffmann, 2016: Climatology and ENSO-related interannual variability of gravity waves in the Southern Hemisphere subtropical stratosphere revealed by high-resolution AIRS observations, J. Geophys. Res., 121, 7622–7640, DOI:10.1002/2015JD024462. [at JGR]

2015

• Jensen, E. J., et al., 2015: The NASA Airborne Tropical TRopopause EXperiment (ATTREX): High-Altitude Aircraft Measurements in the Tropical Western Pacific, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00263.1, (published online). [at BAMS]
• Miller, S. D., W. C. Straka III, J. Yue, S. M. Smith, M. J. Alexander, L. Hoffmann, M. Setvák, and P. T. Partain, 2015: Upper atmospheric gravity wave details revealed in nightglow satellite imagery. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 112, E6728--E673. [doi: 10.1073/pnas.1508084112]
• Alexander, M. J. 2015: Global and seasonal variations in three-dimensional gravity wave momentum flux from satellite limb sounding temperatures. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, doi:10.1002/2015GL065234. [at GRL]
• Kim, J.-E. and M. J. Alexander, 2015: Direct impacts of waves on tropical cold point tropopause temperature. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 1584–1592, doi: 10.1002/2014GL062737. [at GRL]
• Stephan, C. and M. J. Alexander, 2015: Realistic simulations of atmospheric gravity waves over the continental US using precipitation radar data, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 7(2), 823-835, doi:10.1002/2014MS000396. [open access at JAMES]
• Plougonven, R., A. Hertzog, and M. J. Alexander, 2015: Case studies of nonorographic gravity waves over the Southern Ocean emphasize the role of moisture, J. Geophys. Res., 120, no.4, 1278-1299. [at JGR]
• Alexander, M. J. and K. Sato, 2015: Gravity Wave Dynamics and Climate: An Update from the SPARC Gravity Wave Activity, SPARC Newsletter No. 44, January 2015, pp. 9-13. [PDF]

2014

• Hoffmann, L., M. J. Alexander, C. Clerbaux, A. W. Grimsdell, C. I. Meyer, T. Rößler, and B. Tournier, 2014: Intercomparison of stratospheric gravity wave observations with AIRS and IASI, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 4517-4537.[at AMT]
• Stephan, C. and M.J. Alexander, 2014: Summer season squall line simulations: Sensitivity of gravity waves to physics parameterization and implications for their parameterization in global climate models, J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 3376–3391. [at JAS]
• Yue, J., B. Thurairajah, L. Hoffmann, J. Alexander, A. Chandran, M. J. Taylor, J. M. Russell III, C. E. Randall, and S. M. Bailey, 2014: Concentric gravity waves in polar mesospheric clouds from the Cloud Imaging and Particle Size experiment, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, doi:10.1002/2013JD021385. [at JGR-Atmospheres]
• Schirber, S., E. Manzini, and M.J. Alexander, 2014: A convection based gravity wave parameterization in a general circulation model: Implementation and improvements on the QBO, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sys., 6, 264–279, doi:10.1002/2013MS000286. [at JAMES]
• Lyapustin, A., M. J. Alexander, L. Ott, A. Molod, B. Holben, J. Susskind, and Y. Wang, 2014: Observation of mountain lee waves with MODIS NIR column water vapor, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 710-716, doi:10.1002/2013GL058770. [at GRL]
• Ortland, D. A. and M. J. Alexander, 2014: The residual circulation in the tropical tropopause layer driven by tropical waves, J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 1305-1322. [at JAS]

2013

• Alexander, M. J. and A. W. Grimsdell, 2013: Seasonal cycle of orographic gravity wave occurrence above small islands in the Southern Hemisphere: Implications for effects on general circulation, J. Geophys. Res. 118, 1–11, doi:10.1002/2013JD020526. [PDF]
• Kim, J.-E. and M. J. Alexander, 2013: A new wave scheme for trajectory simulations of stratospheric water vapor, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1-5, doi:10.1002/grl.50963,2013. [at GRL]
• Kim, J.-E. and M. J. Alexander, 2013: Tropical precipitation variability and convectively coupled equatorial waves on submonthly time-scales in reanalyses and TRMM, J. Climate, 26 (no. 10), 3013-3030. [at J Clim]
• Geller, M. A., M. J. Alexander, P. T. Love, J. Bacmeister, M. Ern, A. Hertzog, E. Manzini, P. Preusse, K. Sato, A. A. Scaife, and T. Zhou, 2013: A comparison between gravity wave momentum fluxes in observations and climate models, J. Climate, 26, No.17, 6383-6405.[at J Clim]
• Sherwood, S. C., M. J. Alexander, A. R. Brown, N. A. McFarlane, E. P. Gerber, G. Feingold, A. A. Scaife, and W. W. Grabowski, 2013: Climate Processes: Clouds, Aerosols and Dynamics. Climate Science for Serving Society: Research, Modelling and Prediction Priorities. G. R. Asrar and J. W. Hurrell, Eds. Springer, 485 p. [PDF]
• Vincent, R. A., M. J. Alexander, B. K. Dolman, A. D. MacKinnon, P. T. May, S. Kovalam, and I. M. Reid, 2013: Gravity wave generation by convection and momentum deposition in the mesosphere-lower thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 6233-6245, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50372. [at JGR]
• Yue, J., L. Hoffmann, and M. J. Alexander, 2013: Simultaneous observations of convective gravity waves from a ground-based airglow imager and the AIRS satellite experiment, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50341.[at JGR]
• Zalucha, A. M., A. S. Brecht, S. Rafkin, S. W. Bougher, and M. J. Alexander (2013), Incorporation of a gravity wave momentum deposition parameterization into the Venus Thermosphere General Circulation Model (VTGCM), J. Geophys. Res. Planets, 118, 147–160, doi:10.1029/2012JE004168. [at JGR-Planets]
• Hoffmann, L., X. Xue, and M. J. Alexander, 2013: A global view of stratospheric gravity wave hotspots located with Atmospheric Infrared Sounder Observations, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 1-19, doi:10.1029/2012JD018658.[at JGR-Atmos]

2012

• Hertzog, A., M. J. Alexander, and R. Plougonven, 2012: On the intermittency of gravity wave momentum flux in the stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 3433-3448, DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-12-09.1.[at JAS]
• France, J. A., V. L. Harvey, M. J. Alexander, and C. E. Randall, and J. C. Gille, 2012: HIRDLS observations of the gravity wave-driven elevated stratopause in 2006, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D20, doi:10.1029/2012JD017958.[at JGR]
• Evan, S., M. J. Alexander, and J. Dudhia, 2012: WRF simulations of convectively-generated gravity waves in opposite QBO phases. J. Geophys. Res., 117, D12117, doi:10.1029/2011JD017302.[at JGR]
• Evan, S., M. J. Alexander, and J. Dudhia, 2012: Model study of intermediate-scale tropical inertia-gravity waves and comparison to TWP-ICE campaign observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 591-610, doi: 10.1175/JAS-D-11-051.1.[at JAS]

2011

• Alexander, M. J., and H. Teitelbaum, 2011: Three-dimensional properties of Andes mountain waves observed by satellite: A case study. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D23110, doi:10.1029/2011JD016151. [PDF]
• Ryu, J.-H., M. J. Alexander, and D. A. Ortland, 2011: Equatorial waves in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere forced by latent heating estimated from TRMM rainrates, J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 2321-2342, doi: 10.1175/2011JAS3647.1.[at JAS]
• Ortland, D. A., M. J. Alexander, and A. W. Grimsdell, 2011: On the wave spectrum generated by tropical heating. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 2042-2060.[at JAS]
• Ortland, D. A. and M. J. Alexander, 2011: Solutions to the vertical structure equation for simple models of the tropical troposphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 2061-2072. [at JAS]
• Limpasuvan, V., M. J. Alexander, Y. J. Orsolini, D. L. Wu, M. Xue, J. H. Richter, and C. Yamashita, 2011: Mesoscale simulations of gravity waves during the 2008-2009 major stratospheric sudden warming. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D17104, doi:10.1029/2010JD015190.
• Hamilton, K. P., M. J. Alexander, and K. Sato, 2011: Gravity Wave Effects on Circulation. Eos Trans. AGU, 92, 30, doi:10.1029/2011EO300004.

2010

• Alexander, M. J., M. Geller, C. McLandress, S. Polavarapu, P. Preusse, F. Sassi, K. Sato, S. Eckermann, M. Ern, A. Hertzog, Y. Kawatani, M. Pulido, T. Shaw, M. Sigmond, R. Vincent, S. Watanabe, 2010: Recent developments in gravity wave effects in climate models, and the global distribution of gravity wave momentum flux from observations and models, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 136, 1103-1124. [PDF]
• Alexander, M. J., 2010: Chapter 5. Gravity Waves in the Stratosphere, in "The Stratosphere: Dynamics, Chemistry, and Transport", L. M. Polvani, A. Sobel, and D. W. Waugh eds., Geophys. Monogr. Ser. doi:10.1029/2009GM000887. [PDF Preprint]
• Alexander, M. J. and D. A. Ortland, 2010: Equatorial waves in High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) data, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D24111, doi:10.1029/2010JD014782. [PDF]
• Hoffmann, L. and M. J. Alexander, 2010: Occurrence frequency of convective waves during the North American thunderstorm season. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D20111, doi:10.1029/2010JD014401.
• Wang, L. and M. J. Alexander, 2010: Global Estimates of gravity wave parameters from GPS radio occultation temperature data, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D21122, doi:10.1029/2010JD013860.
• Grimsdell, A. W., M. J. Alexander, P. T. May, and L. Hoffmann, 2010: Model study of waves generated by convection with direct validation via satellite, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 1617-1631. [PDF]

2009

• Alexander, M. J., S. D. Eckermann, D. Broutman, and J. Ma, 2009: Momentum flux estimates for South Georgia Island mountain waves in the stratosphere observed via satellite, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L12816, doi:10.1029/2009GL038587. [PDF]
• Eckermann, S. D., L. Hoffmann, M. Hopfner, D. L. Wu, and M. J. Alexander, 2009: Antarctic NAT PSC belt of June 2003: Observational validation of the mountain wave seeding hypothesis, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L02807, doi:10.1029/2008GL036629.
• Hoffmann, L. and M. J. Alexander, 2009: Retrieval of Stratospheric Temperatures from AIRS Radiance Measurements for Gravity Wave Studies, J. Geophys. Res.,114, D07105, doi:10.1029/2008JD011241. [PDF Preprint]
• Wang, L. and M. J. Alexander, 2009: Gravity Wave Activity during Stratospheric Sudden Warmings in the 2007/08 Northern Hemisphere Winter, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D18108, doi:10.1029/2009JD011867. [PDF Preprint]
• Hecht,J. H., M. J. Alexander, R. L. Walterscheid, L. J. Gelinas, R. A. Vincent, A. D. MacKinnon, J. M. Woithe, P. T. May, W. R. Skinner, M. G. Mylnczak, and J. M. Russell III, 2009: Imaging of atmospheric gravity waves in the stratosphere and upper mesosphere using satellite and ground-based observations over Australia during hte TWPICE campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D18123, doi:10.1029/2008JD011259. [PDF Preprint]

2008

• Alexander, M. J., J. Gille, C. Cavanaugh, M. Coffey, C. Craig, V. Dean, T. Eden, G. Francis, C. Halvorson, J. Hannigan, R. Khosravi, D. Kinneson, H. Lee, S. Massie, B. Nardi, A. Lambert, 2008: Global Estimates of Gravity Wave Momentum Flux from High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) Observations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15S18, doi:10.1029/2007JD008807. [PDF]
• Alexander, M. J., H. Teitelbaum, S. Eckermann, J. Gille, J. Barnett, and C. Barnet, 2008: High-Resolution Satellite Observations of Mountain Waves, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 89, 2, 151-152. [PDF]
• Evan, S. and M. J. Alexander, 2008: Intermediate-scale Tropical Inertia Gravity Waves observed during TWP-ICE campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D14104, doi:10.1029/2007JD009289. [PDF]
• Kuester, M. A., M. J. Alexander, and E.A. Ray, 2008: A model study of gravity waves over Hurricane Humberto (2001), J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 3231-3246. [PDF]
• Jensen, E. J., L. Pfister, T.V. Bui, P. Lawson, B. Baker, Q. Mo, D. Baumgardner, E.M. Weinstock, J.B. Smith, E.J. Moyer, T.F. Hanisco, D.S. Sayres, J.M. St. Clair, M.J. Alexander, O.B. Toon, and J.A. Smith, 2008: Formation of large (100 micron) ice crystals near the tropical tropopause, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1621-1633.
• D. E. Kinnison, J. Gille, J. Barnett, C. Randall, L. Harvey, A. Lambert, R. Khosravi, M. J. Alexander, P. F. Bernath, C. D. Boone, C. Cavanaugh, M. Coffey, C. Craig, V. C. Dean, T. Eden, D. Ellis, D. W. Fahey, G. Francis, C. Halvorson, J. Hannigan, C. Hartsough, C. Hepplewhite, C. Krinsky, H. Lee, B. Mankin, T. P. Marcy, S. Massie, B. Nardi, D. Packman, P. J. Popp, M. L. Santee, and K. A. Walker, 2008: Global Observations of HNO3 from the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS): First results, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D16S44, doi:10.1029/2007JD008814.

2005-2007

• Alexander, M. J. and H. Teitelbaum, 2007: Observation and analysis of a large amplitude mountain wave event over the Antarctic Peninsula, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D21103, doi:10.1029/2006JD008368. [PDF]
• Alexander, M. J., and C. Barnet, 2007: Using satellite observations to constrain parameterizations of gravity wave effects for global models, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1652-1665. [PDF]
• Limpasuvan, V., D.L. Wu, M.J. Alexander, M. Xue, M. Hu, S. Pawson, J.R. Perkins, 2007: Stratospheric gravity wave simulations over Greenland during 24 January 2005. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10115, doi:10.1029/2006JD007823.
• Alexander, M. J., J. H. Richter, and B. R. Sutherland, 2006: Generation and trapping of gravity waves from convection with comparison to parameterization, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 2963-2977. [PDF]
• Wang, L., M. J. Alexander, P. T. Bui, and M. J. Mahoney, 2006: Small-scale gravity waves in ER-2 MMS/MTP wind and temperature measurements during CRYSTAL-FACE, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1091-1104. [PDF]
• Ortland, D. A. and M. J. Alexander, 2006: Gravity wave influence on the global structure of the diurnal tide in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A10S10, doi:10.1029/2005JA011467.[PDF Preprint]
• Wang, L., M.A. Geller, and M.J. Alexander, 2005: Spatial and temporal variations of gravity wave parameters. Part I: Intrinsic frequency, wavelength, and vertical propagation direction, J. Atmos. Sci., 62 (1), 125-142. [PDF preprint]

2002-2004

• Alexander, M.J., and P.T. May, J.H. Beres, 2004: Gravity waves generated by convection in the Darwin Area during DAWEX, J. Geophys. Res. (DAWEX special issue), 109, D20S04, doi:10.1029/2004JD004729. [PDF]
• Tsuda, T., M. V. Ratnam, P. T. May, M. J. Alexander, R. A. Vincent, and A. MacKinnon, 2004: Characteristics of gravity waves with short vertical wavelengths observed with radiosonde and GPS occultation during DAWEX (Darwin Area Wave Experiment), J. Geophys. Res., 109, D20S03, doi:10.1029/2004JD004946.[PDF]
• Vincent, R. A., A. MacKinnon, I. M. Reid, and M. J. Alexander, 2004: VHF profiler observations of winds and waves in the troposphere during the Darwin Area Wave Experiment (DAWEX), J. Geophys. Res., 109, D20S02, doi:10.1029/2004JD004714.[PDF]
• Alexander, M.J., and J.R. Holton, 2004: On the spectrum of vertically propagating gravity waves generated by a transient heat source, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 923-932. [PDF]
• Beres, J.H., M.J. Alexander, and J.R. Holton, 2004: A method of specifying the gravity wave spectrum above convection based on latent heating properties and background wind, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 324-337.[PDF]
• Ern, M., P. Preusse, M. J. Alexander, and C. D. Warner, 2004: Absolute values of gravity wave momentum flux derived from satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D20103, doi:10.1029/2004JD004752.[PDF]
• Alexander, M.J., and K.H. Rosenlof, 2003: Gravity wave forcing in the stratosphere: Observational constraints from UARS and implications for parameterization in global models, J. Geophys. Res., 108, D19, 4597, doi:10.1029/2003JD003373. [PDF]
• Alexander, M.J., 2003: Parameterization of Physical Processses: Gravity Wave Momentum Fluxes. In: Encyclopedia of the Atmospheric Sciences, Ed. J. Holton, J. Curry, and J. Pyle, London, Academic/Elsevier, 1699-1705.
• Siskind, D.E., S. Eckerman, J. McCormack, M.J. Alexander, and J. Bacmeister, 2003: Hemispheric differences in the temperature of the summertime stratosphere and mesosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 108, No.D2, 4051, doi:10.1029/2002JD002095.
• Fritts, D.C. and Alexander, M. J., 2003: Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphere, Rev. Geophys., vol.41, No.1, doi:10.1029/2001RG000106. [PDF] and Corrigendum [PDF]
• Vadas, S.L., D.C. Fritts, and M.J. Alexander, 2003: Mechanism for the generation of secondary waves in wave breaking regions, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 194-214.
• Alexander, M. J., T. Tsuda, and R. A. Vincent, 2002: On the latitudinal variations observed in gravity waves with short vertical wavelengths, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1394-1404. [PDF]
• Beres, J.H., M.J. Alexander, and J.R. Holton, 2002: Effects of tropospheric wind shear on the spectrum of convectively generated gravity waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1805-1824. [PDF]

2000-2001

• Holton, J. R., M. J. Alexander and M. T. Boehm, 2001: Evidence for short vertical wavelength Kelvin waves in the DOE-ARM Nauru99 radiosonde data. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 20,125-20,129.
• Baldwin, M. P., L. J. Gray, T. J. Dunkerton, K. Hamilton, P. H. Haynes, W. J. Randel, J. R. Holton, M . J. Alexander, I. Hirota, T. Horinouchi, D. B. A. Jones, J. S. Kinnersley, C. Marquardt, K. Sato and M. Takahashi, 2001: The quasi-biennial oscillation. Rev. Geophys., 39, 179-229.
• Alexander, M. J. and R. A. Vincent, 2000: Gravity waves in the tropical lower stratosphere: A model study of seasonal and interannual variability. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 17,983-17,993.[PDF]
• Vincent, R.A., and M.J. Alexander, 2000: Gravity waves in the tropical lower stratosphere: An observational study of seasonal and interannual variability. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 17,971-17,982.
• Alexander, M. J., J. H. Beres and L. Pfister, 2000: Tropical stratospheric gravity wave activity and relationship to clouds. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 22,299-22,309.[PDF]
• Holton, J. R. and M. J. Alexander, 2000: The role of waves in the transport circulation of the middle atmosphere. AGU Monograph: Science Across the Stratopause, Edited by D. Siskind, S. Eckermann and M. Summers, pp. 21-35, American Geophysical Union.
• Piani, C., D. Durran, M. J. Alexander and J. R. Holton, 2000: A numerical study of three-dimensional gravity waves triggered by deep tropical convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3689-3702.
• McLandress, C., M. J. Alexander, and D. L. Wu, 2000: Microwave Limb Sounder Observations of gravity waves in the stratosphere: A climatology and interpretation, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 11,947-11,967.
• Swenson, G. R., M. J. Alexander and R. Haque, 2000: Dispersion imosed limits on atmospheric gravity waves in the mesosphere: Observations from OH airglow. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 875-878.

1996-1999

• Holton, J. R. and M. J. Alexander, 1999: Gravity waves in the mesosphere generated by tropospheric convection. Tellus, 51A-B, 45-58.
• Pandya, R. E. and M. J. Alexander, 1999: Linear stratospheric gravity waves above convective thermal forcing. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2434-2446.
• Ray, E. A., M. J. Alexander and J. R. Holton, 1998: An analysis of the structure and forcing of the equatorial semiannual oscillation in zonal wind. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 1759-1774.
• Alexander, M. J. and T. J. Dunkerton, 1999: A spectral parameterization of mean-flow forcing due to breaking gravity waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 4167-4182.[PDF]
• Alexander, M. J., 1998: Interpretations of observed climatological patterns in stratospheric gravity wave variance. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 8627-8640.[PDF]
• Alexander, M. J., 1997: A model study of nonstationary gravity waves in the stratosphere and comparison to observations. In Gravity Wave Processes and Their Parameterization in General Circulation Model s, ed. K. Hamilton. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 153-168.
• Alexander, M. J. and J. R. Holton, 1997: A model study of zonal forcing in the equatorial stratosphere by convectively induced gravity waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 408-419.[PDF]
• [10] Bougher, S.W., M.J. Alexander, H.G. Mayr. 1997. Upper Atmosphere Dynamics: Global Circulation and Gravity Waves. In: Venus II: Geology, Geophysics, and Atmosphere, and Solar Wind Environment S.W. Bougher, D.M. Hunten, and R.J. Phillips (Eds.), Univ. of Arizona Press, Tuscon, 259-292.
• Zhang, S., S. Bougher, and M.J. Alexander. 1996. The Impact of Gravity Waves on the Venus Thermosphere and O2 IR Nightglow. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23,195-23,205.
• Alexander, M. J., 1996: A simulated spectrum of convectively generated gravity waves: Propagation from the tropopause to the mesopause and effects on the milile atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1571-1588.[PDF]
• Alexander, M. J. and K. H. Rosenlof, 1996: Nonstationary gravity wave forcing of the stratospheric zonal mean wind. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23,465-23,474.

1992-1995

• Alexander, M. J. and L. Pfister, 1995: Gravity wave momentum flux in the lower stratosphere over convection. Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2029-2032.
• Alexander, M. J., J.R. Holton, and D.R. Durran. 1995. The Gravity Wave Response Above Deep Convection in a Squall Line Simulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2212-2226. [PDF]
• Alexander, M. J., A. I. F. Stewart and S. C. Solomon, 1993: Local time asymmetries in the Venus thermosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10,849-10,871.
• Alexander, M. J., 1992: A mechanism for the Venus thermospheric superrotation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 2207-2210.
• Alexander, M.J. 1992. The Venus 130-nm Dayglow as a Diagnostic of Thermospheric Structure and Dynamics. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Colorado at Boulder.
• Stewart, A. I. F., M. J. Alexander, R. R. Meier, L. J. Paxton, S. W. Bougher and C. G. Fesen, 1992: Atomic oxygen in the Martian thermosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 91-102.